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102年指考英文題解分析

第壹部分： 選擇題（ 占72分）
一 、 詞 彙 （ 占 10分）
說明︰第1題至第10題，每題有4個選項，其中只有一個是正確或最適當的選項，請畫記在 答案卡之「選擇題答案區」。各題答對者，得1分；答錯、未作答或畫記多於一個選項者，該題以零分計算。

二、綜合測驗（ 占10分）
說明︰第11題至第20題，每題一個空格，請依文意選出最適當的一個選項，請畫記在答案
卡之「選擇題答案區」。各題答對者，得1分；答錯、未作答或畫記多於一個選項者，該題以零分計算。
第11 至15 題為題組

         The undersea world isn’t as quiet as we thought, according to a New Zealand researcher. Fish can “talk” to each other and make a range of   11   by vibrating their swim bladder, an internal gas-filled organ used as a resonating chamber to produce or receive sound. Fish are believed to speak to each other for a number of reasons, such as to attract mates, scare off predators, or give directions to other fish. Damselfish, for example, have been found to make sounds to scare off   12   fish and even divers. Another discovery about fish sounds is that not all fish are   13   “talkative.” Some species talk a lot, while others don’t. The gurnard species has a wide vocal repertoire and keeps up a constant chatter. Codfish,   14  , usually keep silent, except when they are laying eggs. Any goldfish lover who hopes to strike up a conversation with their pet goldfish is   15  . Goldfish have excellent hearing, but they don’t make any sound whatsoever. Their excellent hearing isn’t associated with vocalization.

      根據一位紐西蘭的研究員，海底世界不是像我們想像的那麼平靜。魚能夠彼此“交談”、還能夠以振動它們的鰾做出一些   11   ，魚鰾是一個充了氣的內部器官用來產生或接收聲音的共鳴室。魚被認為會互相對談是為了某些原因，例如吸引異性、嚇跑掠食者、或是給其他魚類指引方向。例如小熱帶魚被發現會做出聲音嚇跑  12具有危脅性的  魚、甚至潛水者。有關魚的聲音另一個發現是，並非所有的魚都   13   “健談。”有些種類很健談，有些不是。魴魚這種魚類具有寬廣的音曲並且喋喋不休。  14   ，鱈魚通常是保持沉默，除了它們在產卵的時候。任何希望能與它的金魚寵物談話的金魚愛好者是   15   。金魚有非常好色的聽力，但它們不會做出任何的聲音。它們出色的聽力和聲音的發出並沒有關聯。

第16 至20 題為題組
The U.S. Postal Service has been struggling financially for some time. It plans to stop delivering mail on Saturdays,    16    Aug. 1 this year. This decision was announced on Wednesday without congressional approval.    17    forbidden to do so by the Congress, the agency for the first time will deliver mail only Monday through Friday. It is expected that this    18    will save about $2 billion a year. In recent years, the postal service has suffered tens of billions of dollars in losses    19    the increasing popularity of the Internet and e-commerce. The postal service plans to continue Saturday delivery of packages, which remain a profitable and growing part of the delivery business. Post offices would remain open on Saturdays    20     customers can drop off mail or packages, buy postage stamps, or access their post office boxes. But hours would likely be reduced at thousands of smaller locations.

      美國郵政管理局在財務上掙扎有一段時間了。它計畫在今年8月1日    16 開始   停止週六遞送郵件。未經國會批准，這項決定在週三宣布了。    17    被國會禁止，郵局在歷史上第一次將僅在週一至週五遞送郵件。據預計，這項    18    一年將會節省約20億美元。近年來，郵局已經遭受數百億美元的損失    19     網路和電子商務的日益普及。郵局計劃在週六繼續包裹的遞送服務，因為它是仍然維持有利潤和成長的遞送業務。郵局在週六將會照常營業    20    顧客投寄郵件或包裹、購買郵票或使用他們的郵局信箱。但營業時間在數千個較小的營業據點可能會被縮減。

第21 至30 題為題組

　　　People who want to experience an overnight stay in arctic-like cold may try the ice hotel—a building of frozen water. Despite the seemingly unattractive prospect of sleeping in a room at minus 15 degrees Celsius, every year about 4,000 people   21   to an ice hotel in a town in Canada.
The only warm things at the ice hotel are the candles on the bedside tables. The air is so cold that you can see your   22  , which turns to liquid and appears as tiny droplets at the opening of your sleeping bag. The tip of your nose feels numb—almost as though it were   23  . Getting up for a little while—to drink a glass of water or go to the bathroom—seems   24   without risking death.
Since an adventurous spirit alone is not enough to   25   more than two hours at the icy hotel, the staff briefs guests on what to wear and how to behave. Normal winter boots and outfits   26   little protection from the cold. The guests also learn how to   27   quickly in their arctic sleeping bags and how to prevent eyeglasses from freezing.
For individuals who need to escape the cold for a brief period, there are outdoor hot tubs in the hotel courtyard. You should make sure you have stopped sweating before you go to bed, though, because any 28   freezes immediately. Guests who are not   29   can quickly get cold feet and a blocked nose. Comfort, however, is not the   30   to stay in the ice hotel. Guests want to feel like polar explorers. For them, the first hot cup of post-expedition coffee is pure delight.

(A) breath   (B) careful   (C) check in   (D) deposit   (E) frozen   (F) impossible  
(G) moisture  (H) offer    (I) purpose   (J) sufficient  (K) warm up  (L) withstand

　　　想要體驗北極一樣寒冷過夜的人可以嘗試冰宮旅館 -- 一個用水結凍的建築物。儘管在攝氏零下15度的房間裡睡覺看起來好像不具吸引力，然而每年約有4000人   21   加拿大境內一個小鎮的冰宮旅館。
冰宮旅館溫暖的東西只有床頭櫃上的蠟燭。空氣是如此的冷、以致你可以看到你的   22 ，這麼冷的情況使得呼氣變成了液體、在你的睡袋開口看起來像是小水滴。你的鼻尖感覺麻木，就好像是   23   。起床一下，喝一杯水或上個廁所，感覺上就像是冒著死亡危險一般的   24   。
由於僅有冒險精神是不足在冰宮旅館內   25   兩個小時以上，工作人員都會向客人簡報要穿什麼和要如何去應對。正常的雪靴和裝備   26   沒有多少的禦寒保護。客人還得學習如何在他們的北極睡袋裡快速地   27   和如何防止眼鏡結凍。
對於需要短暫躲避寒冷的人，在旅館的庭院中有露天的熱水澡桶。儘管如此，在睡覺之前，你必須確定你已經沒有出汗，因為任何   28   會立即結冰。不   29   客人可能會很快地腳冷和鼻塞。然而，舒適並不是住在冰宮旅館的   30  。客人想要體會的是要像極地探險家一樣。對他們來說，探險後的第一杯熱咖啡就是純粹完美的喜悅。

(A) 呼吸氣息    (B) 小心的    (C) 報到/入住    (D) 存放     (E) 冰凍了     (F) 不可能    
(G) 濕氣     (H) 提供    (I) 目的    ( J ) 足夠的     (K) 溫暖起來     (L) 抵擋、禁得起

21. (C)    22. (A)    23. (E)     24. (F)    25. (L)    
26. (H)    27. (K)    28. (G)    29. (B)    30. (I)

四、篇章結構（ 占10分）
說明：第31題至第35題，每題一個空格。請依文意在文章後所提供的(A)到(F)選項中分別選出最適當者，填入空格中，使篇章結構清晰有條理，並將其英文字母代號畫記在答案卡之「選擇題答案區」。各題答對者，得2分；答錯、未作答或畫記多於一個選項者，該題以零分計算。

第31 至35 題為題組
In the Dutch colonial town later known as Albany, New York, there lived a baker, Van Amsterdam, who was as honest as he could be. He took great care to give his customers exactly what they paid for—not more and not less.
One Saint Nicholas Day morning, when the baker was just ready for business, the door of his shop flew open.   31   She asked for a dozen of the baker’s Saint Nicholas cookies. Van Amsterdam counted out twelve cookies. But the woman insisted that a dozen is thirteen. Van Amsterdam was not a man to bear foolishness. He refused. The woman turned to go without the cookies but she stopped at the door, saying, “Van Amsterdam! However honest you may be, your heart is small and your fist is tight. ” Then she was gone.
  32   His bread rose too high or not at all. His pies were sour or too sweet. His cookies were burnt or doughy. His customers soon noticed the difference and slipped away.
A year passed. The baker grew poorer and poorer. Finally, on the day before Saint Nicholas Day, no customer came to his shop.   33  
That night, the baker had a dream. He saw Saint Nicholas pulling out gifts from his baskets for a crowd of happy children. No matter how many presents Nicholas handed out, there were always more to give. Then somehow, Saint Nicholas turned into the old woman with the long black shawl!
  34   He suddenly realized that he always gave his customers exactly what they paid for, “But why not give more?”
The next morning, on Saint Nicholas Day, the baker rose early to make cookies. And to his surprise, the cookies were as fine as they could be. When he had just finished, the old woman appeared at his door again. She asked for a dozen of Van Amsterdam’s Saint Nicholas cookies.   35  
When people heard he counted thirteen as a dozen, he had more customers than ever and became wealthy. The practice then spread to other towns as a common custom.

      在紐約後來被稱作是Albany的荷蘭殖民城市，住著一位麵包師Van Amsterdam，他是一位非常自我要求誠實的人。他很注意按顧客的貨款給他們相等的數量 -- 不多也不少。
在一個聖尼可拉斯節日(Saint Nicholas Day)的早上，當麵包師正要開始做生意，店門打開了。   31   她要了一打麵包師的聖尼可拉斯(Saint Nicholas)餅乾。Van Amsterdam算出了12個餅乾。但是這位婦人堅持一打是13個。Van Amsterdam是一位不能容忍愚蠢的人。他拒絕了。這位婦人沒拿餅乾轉身就走、她停在門口說：「Van Amsterdam！無論你是多麼的誠實，你的心胸狹小而且拳頭緊握。」然後她離開了。
  32   他的麵包發得太高或根本沒有發。他的派不是太酸就是太甜。他的餅乾不是烤焦就是像個生麵糰似的。他的顧客不久就注意到了差別，並且都流失了。經過了一年，麵包師愈來愈窮。最後，在一個聖尼可拉斯節日的前一日，沒有顧客進來他的店。   33  
那一個晚上，麵包師做了一個夢。他看見Saint Nicholas從他的籃子裡拿出禮物給一群快樂的小孩。無論Nicholas送出多少禮物，籃子裡總是有更多的可以給。然後不知怎麼地，Saint Nicholas變成了那位穿著長黑披巾的老婦人。
  34   他突然瞭解，他總是給他的顧客所付貨款剛剛好的數量，”為什麼不多給一點？”
第二天早上，在聖尼可拉斯節日的那一天，麵包師一早起來做餅乾。很驚奇的，餅乾就像它們應該有的好。當他一做完，那位老婦人又出現在他的門口。她要了一打Van Amsterdam的聖尼可拉斯(Saint Nicholas)餅乾。   35  
當人們聽到他數13個為一打的時候，他有了比以前更多的顧客，而且變得有錢了。這項作為就像是常規一樣傳到了其他的城市。

答：31. B          32. D           33. F          34. A           35. E

五、閱讀測驗（ 占32分）
說明︰第36題至第51題，每題請分別根據各篇文章之文意選出最適當的一個選項，請畫記
在答案卡之「選擇題答案區」。各題答對者，得2分；答錯、未作答或畫記多於一
個選項者，該題以零分計算。

第36 至39 題為題組
All pop artists like to say that they owe their success to their fans. In the case of British band SVM, it’s indeed true. The band is currently recording songs because 358 fans contributed the £100,000 needed for the project. The arrangement came via MMC, an online record label that uses Web-based, social-network-style “crowd-funding” to finance its acts.
Here’s how it works: MMC posts demos and videos of 10 artists on its website, and users are invited to invest from £10 to £1,000 in the ones they most enjoy or think are most likely to become popular. Once an act reaches £100,000, the financing process is completed, and the money is used to pay for recording and possibly a concert tour. Profits from resulting music sales, concerts, and merchandise are split three ways: investors get to divide 40%; another 40% goes to MMC; the artist pockets 20%. The payoff for investors can be big. One fan in France who contributed £4,250 got his money back 22 times over.
Crowd-funding musical acts is not new. But MMC takes the concept to another level. First of all, investors can get cash rather than just goodies like free downloads or tickets. Also, MMC is a record label. It has the means to get its music distributed around the world and to market artists effectively. “Artists need professional support,” says the CEO of MMC’s international division.
While digital technology and the Net have created a do-it-yourself boom among musicians, success is still a long shot. Out of the 20,000 records released in the U.S. in 2009, only 14 DIY acts made it to the Top 200. Also, with less revenue from recorded music, music companies have become less likely to take risks, which has led to fewer artists receiving funding. The crowd-funding model, however, allows for more records to be made by spreading risk among hundreds of backers. And the social-network aspect of the site helps expand fan bases; that is, investors become a promotional army.

      所有搖滾藝人都喜歡說他們的成功是歸功於他們的粉絲。在英國SVM樂團的案例中，這實在是真的。這個樂團目前正在錄製歌曲是因為357個粉絲資助了該項計畫所需的100,000英鎊經費。這項安排來自於一家MMC網路唱片公司，這家公司是利用網路社交的大眾集資來資助它的活動節目。
它是如何運作的：MMC在它的網站上貼出10位藝人的示範和影片，上網者被邀請對最喜歡或最有可能成名的藝人投資10至1000英鎊。每當一次節目貼出達到100,000英鎊的時候，資助的過程就完成了，這些錢會被用來支付錄製歌曲或也有可能是一場巡迴演唱。來自音樂銷售、演唱會和商品的利潤被分成三份：40%由投資者來分；另一份40%給MMC；藝人塞入口袋20%。投資者的報償可能會是很大的。有一位在法國的粉絲資助了4,250英鎊，拿回了超過22倍的錢。
大眾集資節目並不是新的。但是MMC將這個概念帶到了另一個層次。首先，投資者可以拿回現金而不僅只是像免費下載或入場卷等東西。再者，MMC是一家唱片公司。它有方法可以將它的音樂發行至全世界並且有效地行銷這些藝人。MMC國際部門執行長說：「藝人需要專業的支持。」
當數位技術和網路在藝人之間創造了自己做的迅速發展，成功仍然還是很遙遠的。在2009年美國20,000張發行的唱片中，只有14個自做的活動進入前200名。同時，隨著錄製音樂收入的減少，音樂公司變得更不願意冒險，這樣的情況導致更少的藝人接受資助。然而，大眾集資的模式可以分散風險給數百個支持者而讓更多的唱片錄製。而且網站的社交網路層面幫助了擴張粉絲的基礎；也就是說，投資者變成了促銷的大軍。

第40 至43 題為題組
In science fiction TV programs such as Star Trek, tractor beams are used to tow spaceships and move objects. For years, scientists have labored to replicate this feat. In 2013, they succeeded. A team of British and Czech scientists, led by Dr. Tomas Cizmar, say they have created a real-life “tractor beam,” like the kind from Star Trek, which uses a beam of light to attract objects, at least at a microscopic level.
Light manipulation techniques have existed since the 1970s, but this is thought to be the first time a light beam has been used to draw objects towards a light source. Usually when microscopic objects are hit by a beam of light, they are forced along the direction of the beam. After many years’ research, Dr. Cizmar’s team discovered a technique that allows for the radiant force of light to be reversed and to use the negative force to draw out certain particles.
Dr. Cizmar says that even though it is a few years away from practical use, the technology has huge potential for medical research. In particular, the tractor beam is highly selective in the particles it can attract, so it can pick up particles that have specific properties, such as size or composition, in a mixture. “Eventually, this could be used to separate white blood cells, for example,” Dr. Cizmar told BBC News.
It has been a primary plot device in science fiction TV programs and movies to allow objects like spaceships to be trapped in a beam of light. But Dr. Cizmar said this particular technique would not eventually lead to that. A transfer of energy happens in the process. On a microscopic scale that is OK, but on a large scale it would cause huge problems. A large object could be destroyed by the heating which results from the massive amount of energy necessary to pull it.

　　　在星際爭霸戰(Star Trek)這種科幻電視劇，拖曳光束是被用來牽引太空船或移動物體。多年來，科學家不斷付出努力來仿效製造出這項技術。在2013年，他們成功了。一個由Tomas Cizmar博士所領導的英國和捷克科學家組成的小組說，他們創造了像星際爭霸戰電影中一樣真實的拖曳光束，它利用一束光來拖曳物體，至少是在顯微鏡下可見的微小物體是成功的。
超控光的技術自1970年代就已經存在了，但這項被認為是拖曳光束被使用來拖曳物體向光源方向移動的第一次。通常當微小物體被光束擊中的時候，它們是順著光束的同一方向被推動。經過多年來的研究，Cizmar博士的小組發現了一項技術，這項技術可以讓發射的光被反轉而利用反力量來拖曳特定的微小物體。
Cizmar博士說，即使距離實際上的運用還要許多年的時間，這項技術在醫學研究上有著非常大的潛力。尤其是，拖曳光束拖引的微小物體是非常有選擇性的，因此它選擇的微小物體可以具有特殊屬性，例如混合的大小或成分。
讓太空船可以被光束困住是科幻電視或電影中主要的發展情節。但是，Cizmar博士說，他們這項特殊技術終將不會發展至那種情形。能量的轉換是發生在過程中。在顯微鏡下的規模是可以的，但是大規模就會造成巨大的問題。大的物體可能會被熱量摧毀，這個熱量是由拖曳大物體所需要的大量能量所產生出來的。

第44 至47 題為題組
Grace Wambui, a 14-year-old pupil in Nairobi, had never touched a tablet computer. But it took her only about one minute to work out how to use one when such devices arrived at Amaf School in Kawangware, a slum in the Kenyan capital. Teaching used to be conducted with a blackboard and a handful of tattered textbooks. Now children in groups of five take turns to swipe the touch screen of the devices which are loaded with a multimedia version of Kenya’s syllabus.
The tablets at Amaf School are part of a pilot project run by eLimu, a technology start-up. If it and other firms are right, tablets and other digital devices may soon be the rule in African schools. Many are betting on a boom in digital education in Kenya and elsewhere. Some executives even expect it to take off like M-Pesa, Kenya’s hugely successful mobile-money service.   
Such growth in digital education would be timely. The flood of new pupils has overwhelmed state schools which were already understaffed, underfunded and poorly managed. The prospect of Africa’s 300 million pupils learning digitally has caught the attention of global technology giants. Amazon has seen sales of its Kindle e-readers in Africa increase tenfold in the past year. Intel has been helping African governments buy entry-level computers. In Nigeria, Intel brought together a publisher and a telecom carrier to provide exam-preparation tools over mobile phones, a service that has become hugely popular.
A bigger question is whether digital tools actually improve education. Early results are encouraging. In Ghana, reading skills improved measurably among 350 children that had been given Kindle e-readers. In Ethiopia, in the absence of teachers, children figured out how to use tablets and learned the English ABCs. At Amaf School, average marks in science went from 58 to 73 in a single term.

      有一位Nairobi 市14歲的女學生Grace Wambui從來沒有接觸過平板電腦。但是當這些裝置抵達位於肯亞首都Kawangware貧民窟的Amaf學校時，她僅花了大約一分鐘的時間就學會了如何使用它。以往教學通常是使用黑板和一堆破爛的教科書來進行。現在，兒童五人一組輪流滑動這些裝置的螢幕，這些裝置都灌載了有肯亞教學大綱多媒體版。
Amaf學校的平板電腦是eLimu公司所經營科技開端試驗計畫的一部分。如果它和其他公司都順利的話，平板電腦和其他的數位裝置可能會很快地在非洲的學校中扮演教學的主導。許多人打賭確信數位教學在肯亞和其他的地方會有迅速發展。有些主管甚至預測它會像肯亞超級成功的M-Pesa手機現金轉帳服務一飛衝天似的發展。
數位教育這樣的成長將會是順應天時。新的學生像洪水一樣注入教職員已經短缺的公立學校。非洲3億學生數位學習的前景已經抓住了全球科技巨人的注意。在過去幾年，Amazon已經看到它在非洲銷售的Kindle電子閱讀器增加了十倍。Intel已經在協助非洲政府購買初級版的電腦。在Nigeria，Intel引進了出版和電信業者一起來提供手機準備考試的工具，這項服務已經變成非常的普及。
一項更大的問題是數位工具是否真的能改進教育。初步的結果是振奮的。在Ghana，在350位有Kindle電子閱讀器的兒童中，閱讀技巧確實有進步。在Ethiopia，在教師不在場的情況下，兒童可以自已學會如何使用平板電腦並且學習初級英文。在Amaf學校，在一個學期內，科學的平均分數從58提升至73。

第48 至51 題為題組

　　　In the Spartathlon, one of the world’s toughest ultra-marathons, runners run 245 km, about six marathons, within 36 hours. The runners start in Athens, and run all the way to historical Sparta.
The Spartathlon’s heritage goes back to 490 B.C., when Pheidippides, an Athenian, made the journey to Sparta to ask the Spartans for help in fighting the invading Persians. It is recorded that he reached Sparta on the day after he left Athens. In 1982, this story sparked the interest of a British air-force officer and long-distance runner called John Foden, who wondered if it really was possible to run from Athens to Sparta and arrive the next day. With four other officers, Foden decided to see for himself; after a 36-hour slog they arrived in Sparti, as the town is now called. That achievement inspired the organization of the first Spartathlon a year later.
The Spartathlon’s attraction has two sources. The first is the difficulty of finishing it. The Spartathlon is not the most difficult race, but it combines lots of different tests. There is the heat of the Greek day, and then the plunge in temperatures when darkness falls. There are climbs: the route includes a series of ascents, among them a 1,200-meter mountain pass in the dead of night. Above all, there is the relentless pressure of the clock. The second reason is that the idea of retracing Pheidippides’s footsteps still grips many participants. It feels like racing in history, passing through places where history began.   
As finishers receive a laurel wreath and water from schoolgirls, many are overjoyed with emotion. However, the euphoria is fleeting. Within a few minutes, their joints and muscles start to seize up: after the race, Sparti resembles the set of a zombie film as participants lumber slowly around on legs that will not bend. But the itch to do it all over again soon appears.

      斯巴達長跑是世界上最艱難的極度長跑之一，在36小時內，賽跑者要跑245公里，大約6個馬拉松長跑的長度。
斯巴達長跑的傳承遠至公元前490年，當時有一位名叫Pheidippides的雅典人跑回斯巴達請求斯巴達人來協助和侵入的波斯人作戰。歷史上記載，在他離開雅典的次日他抵達了斯巴達。在1982年，這個故事點燃了一位名叫John Foden的英國空軍軍官 -- 也是一位長跑者 -- 的興趣，他在想從雅典跑到斯巴達是否真的可能在第二天就抵達。Foden和其他的四位軍官決定自己來試看看；經過了艱辛的跑路，他們抵達了現今稱為是Sparti 的城市。這項成就激發促成了一年後的第一屆斯巴達長跑的舉辦。
斯巴達長跑的吸引力來自二方面。第一個是完成它的困難。斯巴達長跑並不是最困難的賽跑，但它綜合了許多不同的考驗。有酷熱的希臘天氣，然後又有夜晚來臨時的氣溫陡降。有攀爬：路線包括一連串的上坡，其中有一個是在漆黑夜晚1,200公尺的山路。在所有的困難中尤其是有無情的時間壓力。第二個原因是回顧Pheidippides腳步的理念一直會緊咬者許多的參賽者。它感覺像是在歷史中賽跑，經過了歷史發展的地方。
當完成者接到來自女學生的一頂桂冠和水的時候，許多人都情緒激動不能自已。然而，興奮是稍縱即逝。在幾分鐘之內，他們的關節和肌肉開始緊繃抽筋：跑完後，當參賽者拖著不能彎曲的雙腳像木頭般地慢慢移動，Sparti市就像是殭屍電影的場景一樣。但是想要再跑一次的渴望沒多久又會出現。

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