Steve Biles: Climate change is something that affects all of our lives, whether we’re a student, a teacher or a scientist. Speaking of scientists, I have a guest here with me today that can tell us a lot more about climate change, Josh Willis. Now you’re an oceanographer here at JPL, correct?
氣候變化是影響到我們所有的人 - 不論我們是學生、老師或科學家。說到科學家，今天我有一位來賓Josh Willis在這裡，他可以告訴我們許多氣候變化的事情。你現在是JPL(Jet Propulsion Laboratory噴射推動實驗室)的海洋學家，是嗎？
Josh Willis: Well, I’m an oceanographer but I study sea level rise, global warming and really how the ocean fits into that global warming picture. Global warming is happening because people are emitting billions of tons of carbon dioxide and other green house gasses into the atmosphere. Now when they get there, these green house gasses cause extra heat to be trapped on the Earth, so heat that would have otherwise been radiated back out into space is now sticking around and warming up our planet.
我是一位海洋學家，但我研究的是海水上升、全球暖化，以及海洋如何適應全球暖化的情況。全球暖化是正在發生，因為人們正散發數以億噸計的二氧化碳和其他溫室效應氣體進入大氣層中。當它們到了那裡，這些溫室效應氣體造成多餘的熱量是被困在地球上，所以熱量不是散發到太空中，而是逗留在這裡並暖化我們的星球。
Steve: Now all that heat is trapped in our atmosphere but is it also affecting the oceans?
所有那些熱量是被困在我們的大氣層中，但它是否也會影響到海洋？
Josh: Turns out that 80 to 90 percent of the heat from global warming is actually going into the oceans so the oceans are really the big Earth heat bucket, that’s where all the heat winds up going. It turns out the oceans can absorb 1000 times the amount of heat as the atmosphere without really changing their temperature all that much and the reason is because of something called heat capacity.
結果是全球暖化80至90%的熱量是到我們的海洋中，所以海洋實際上是地球的大熱水桶，那就是所有熱量終極去的地方。其結果是，海洋可以吸收大氣層1000倍的熱量，它們的溫度也不會改變多少，原因是一個被稱為熱能容量的緣故。
Steve: Do you have an example that could maybe explain heat capacity?
你有沒有一個例子可以說明熱能容量？
Josh: Let’s imagine that this balloon represents the whole Earth’s atmosphere so now my candle, my little lighter here, represents the sun, so let’s add some heat to it and see what happens.
讓我們想像一下，這只汽球代表的是整個地球的大氣，我的蠋光 - 這隻小打火機代表的是太陽，讓我們加一些熱量，看看會發生什麼事。
Steve: Now don’t try this at home without adult supervision and proper safety equipment. Whoa. So, obviously the heat capacity of air is very low because it didn’t absorb any heat at all.
在沒有成人的監督和適當的安全裝置，不要在家中試做這個。哇。很顯然地，空氣的熱能容量是非常低的，因為它完全沒有吸收任何熱能。
Josh: Well, that’s right, almost as soon as we put the candle to the balloon, it exploded, and the reason is because since the air inside the balloon couldn’t really absorb the heat that fast, all the heat went toward melting the rubber. As soon as the rubber melted, the balloon explodes.
對的，幾乎我們將燭光一碰到汽球，它就爆了，原因是汽球中的空氣不能真那麼快吸收熱能的緣故，所有的熱能立刻去融化了橡膠。
Steve: Ah, okay cool. Now that’s a good demonstration of heat capacity of air, how about the heat capacity of water, or the oceans?
是的，好棒阿。那是空氣熱能容量一個很好的示範，那麼水或海洋的熱能容量是如何？
Josh: Yeah, let’s do the oceans. How about a water balloon, Steve?
讓我們來做海洋(的實驗)。用一個水汽球吧，Steve?
Steve: Sounds great.
聽起來不錯。
Josh: All right, Steve, so this balloon filled with water represents the oceans and my lighter here represents the sun. Let’s put some heat on it and see what happens.
好，Steve，這只汽球充滿了水、代表的是海洋，我的蠋光 - 這隻小打火機代表的是太陽。讓我們加一些熱量，看看會發生什麼事。
Steve: Wow, obviously it’s absorbing a great deal of heat.
哇，很顯然地，它吸收了許多的熱能。
Josh: Right, so you’re feeling the heat there, Steve?
對的，你感覺到那裡的熱量了，Steve？
Steve: I am.
我是的。
Josh: All right, but the balloon really isn’t because it turns out that the water can absorb so much heat that it takes the heat away from the skin of the balloon before the rubber can melt so the balloon doesn’t pop.
好了，它的結果是由於水能吸收如此多的熱量，以致在橡皮融化前它就能移開汽球表面的熱量，所以汽球不會爆開。
Steve: Excellent example, so the water has a tremendous ability to absorb heat and if that’s an analog for our oceans that means our oceans are absorbing a lot of heat as well.
非常好的例子，所以水有非常大的能力去吸收熱量，如果這和我們海洋相同的話，這也就是說我們的海洋也是吸收了許多的熱量。
Josh: That’s right, they sure are, Steve.
對的，它們就是這樣，Steve。
Steve: Well global warming sounds like quite a problem, what can we do about it?
全球暖化聽起來確實是一個問題，我們能對它做什麼？
Josh: Well the first thing we need to do Steve is really just understand the problem. Scientists all around the globe, including NASA scientists and here at JPL, we study data from satellites that measure the oceans and the atmosphere and these tell us about how global warming proceeds, and hopefully give us an idea of what the future’s going to look like.
我們第一件需要去做的事情就是要去真正地瞭解問題。全球的科學家，包括NASA(美國太空總署)和JPL(噴射推動實驗室)這裡的科學家，我們研究來自衛星測量海洋和大氣的資料，這些資料告訴我們全球暖化是如何進行的，希望能給我們一個未來是如何的靈感。
Steve: It sounds like a pretty serious problem. What is it we can do?
它聽起來是一個相當嚴重的問題。我們能作做什麼？
Josh: Everything that we do almost uses some kind of energy and most of it is produced by burning fossil fuel, which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. We could turn off the lights when we leave the room, maybe power down that computer every once in a while and go outside, take a bike ride instead of getting in your car.
我們所做的事情幾乎都在消耗能源，而且大多數的能源都是燃燒石化燃料製造出來的，這都會釋放二氧化碳到大氣層中。我們在離開房間的時候關燈，偶而也可以關掉電腦到外面去，去騎自行車而不是坐汽車。
Steve: Well thank Josh for coming in and talking to us today about climate change; we really appreciate your expertise.
感謝Josh今天來這裡並且告訴我們氣候變化，我們非常感謝你的專業。
Josh: You bet Steve, my pleasure.
謝謝，Steve，這是我很高興做的事。
Steve: Okay, thanks much.
好，非常感謝。
To learn more about climate change and how NASA and JPL are studying the problem, go to climate.jpl.nasa.gov.And for more information about what NASA is doing in general, go to www.nasa.gov
要瞭解更多有關氣候變化、NASA和JPL如何研究這個問題，請去climate.jpl.nasa.gov。要瞭解更多NASA的一般性業務，請去www.nasa.gov
Now when they get there,these green house gasses cause extra heat to be --------從屬副詞子句----------------------------------對等子句
trapped on the Earth, so heatthat would have otherwise been radiated back --------------------------對等連接詞---------------------從屬形容詞子句
outinto spaceis now sticking around and warming up our planet. -------------------對等子句-------------對等連接詞---------對等子句
1. 句子的主體：二個對等子句these green house gasses cause extra heat to be-trapped on the Earth 和 heat is now sticking around and warming up our planet是由對等連接詞so所連接起來的。
註：heat is now sticking around and (heat is now) warming up our planet又是由對等連接詞and所連接起來。重覆的部分(heat is now)被省略掉了(文法書p.330-331)。
2. 從屬副詞子句Now when they get there是修飾這二個對等子句。(p.335)
3. 由關係代名詞that所帶領的從屬形容詞子句 that would have otherwise been radiated back是修飾 heat。(p.220)
